Circular economy models in Vietnam’s mining industry: Theoretical foundations and directions for application

The transition from a linear economy to a circular economy is becoming an important trend in many countries, including Vietnam. This study combines theoretical research with field surveys to clarify the conceptual foundations of circular economy models and propose directions for their application in Vietnam’s mining industry. The findings systematize and further develop the theoretical framework of the circular economy in mining by clarifying its concepts, models, and levels of implementation, while also examining the distinctive characteristics of Vietnam’s mining sector. Based on the analysis, the study proposes three groups of solutions: developing circular-economy industrial parks, establishing supportive policies, and implementing circular operational practices within mining enterprises.