Coordination mechanism among the Government, enterprises, researchers, and citizens in implementing science and innovation tasks

Using a literature review approach, this study examines the “four-party” coordination mechanism involving the Government, enterprises, researchers, and citizens in science, technology, and innovation activities. It clarifies the roles of the four stakeholders and analyzes their coordination in identifying, commissioning, and implementing scientific and innovation tasks. The Government acts as an enabling and policy-oriented actor; enterprises contribute market orientation and investment; researchers generate scientific and technological solutions; and citizens serve both as beneficiaries and co-creators. Effective coordination among these actors can improve the practical application and commercialization of research outcomes, strengthen the responsiveness of scientific tasks to societal and market needs, and enhance the role of science, technology, and innovation as drivers of a new development model.