Impact of Artificial Intelligence and digital transformation on the performance of SMEs in Vietnam’s trade and service sectors

This study examines the interplay between artificial intelligence (AI), digital transformation, and the operational efficiency of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam’s trade and service sectors. Grounded in the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework, Resource-Based View (RBV), and Upper Echelons Theory (UET), the study develops a four-construct measurement model comprising 16 observed variables and estimates an OLS regression using a simulated dataset of 300 firms. The findings indicate that AI adoption, digital transformation, and digital capabilities exert statistically significant and positive effects on operational efficiency, with digital transformation and AI emerging as the most influential drivers. Drawing on these results, the study advances policy implications focused on strengthening digital infrastructure, upgrading workforce digital competencies, and establishing tailored credit and advisory mechanisms to support SME digitalization.