Powers and relationships among Union-level institutions and regulatory authorities under the EU Artificial Intelligence Act: Implications for Vietnam

Abstract: The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act), enacted as Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 and amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744, establishes a multi-level governance structure to ensure the effective enforcement of risk-based AI regulation. This study examines the powers and relationships among Union-level institutions, national competent authorities, and the mechanisms for coordination and oversight in the enforcement of the AI Act. By comparing the EU framework with Vietnam’s Law on Artificial Intelligence No. 134/2025/QH15 and other applicable Vietnamese legislation, the article proposes improvements to Vietnam’s AI governance framework, including strengthening the coordinating mechanism, clarifying cross-sectoral competences, enhancing technical oversight, improving coordination for the protection of rights, and developing the professional capacity of enforcement authorities.