Legal framework and current practices in household solid waste management: shortcomings and policy implications

The 2020 Law on Environmental Protection was enacted with the expectation of enhancing the effectiveness of household solid waste management and treatment in Vietnam. However, practical implementation has revealed gaps between regulatory intent and on-the-ground outcomes, with several provisions demonstrating limited feasibility and effectiveness. This study provides a comprehensive review of the legal framework governing household solid waste management under the 2020 Law on Environmental Protection, combined with a critical analysis of the challenges and constraints encountered in its enforcement. The findings highlight key institutional and operational shortcomings that affect regulatory performance, offering an evidence-based assessment of the current state of solid waste governance in Vietnam.